JAMES  ABRAM   GARFIELD. 


JAMES  ABRAM  GARFIELD 


BY 


GEORGE  F.  HOAR 


BOSTON 

HOUGHTON,  MIFFLIN  AND  COMPANY 
NEW  YORK  :   1  1  EAST  SEVENTEENTH  STREET 


1882 


Copyright,  1882, 
BY  HOUGHTON,  MIFFLIN  &  CO. 

All  rights  reserved. 


The  Riverside  Press,  Cambridge  : 
Stereotyped  and  Printed  by  H.  O.  Houghton  &  Co. 


To 

HER  WHOSE  LOVE,  COURAGE,  AND  CONSTANCY 

WILL  FOREVER  BE  ASSOCIATED 

IN  THE  AFFECTION  AND  PRIDE  OF  THE  AMERICAN  PEOPLE 
WITH 

THE  SUBJECT  OF  THIS  EULOGY, 

IT  IS  RESPECTFULLY  DEDICATED 
BY 

THE  AUTHOR. 


840465 


PUBLISHERS'  NOTE. 


ON  the  thirtieth  of  December,  1881,  at  the 
request  of  the  City  Government  of  Worcester, 
Mass.,  Hon.  George  F.  Hoar  delivered  a  eu 
logy  on  President  Garfield,  which  the  Pub 
lishers  thought  should  be  preserved  in  perma 
nent  form.  They  therefore  asked  and  secured 
Senator  Hoar's  consent  to  its  publication  ;  and 
they  feel  confident  that  it  will  be  treasured  in 
many  public  and  private  libraries  as  one  of  the 
noblest  of  the  many  noble  tributes  to  President 
Garfield,  and  one  of  the  fittest  memorials  of 
his  remarkable  career  and  character. 

BOSTON,  January,  1882. 


EULOGY. 


Mr.  Mayor,  Gentlemen  of  the  City  Council,  and 

Fellow-Citizens :  — 

I  SHOULD  indulge  myself  in  a  strange  de 
lusion  if  I  hoped  to  say  anything  of  Pres 
ident  Garfield  which  is  not  already  well 
known  to  his  countrymen,  or  to  add  further 
honor  to  a  name  to  which  the  judgment  of 
the  world,  with  marvelous  unanimity,  has 
already  assigned  its  place.  The  public  sor 
row  and  love  have  found  utterance,  if  not 
adequate,  yet  such  as  speech,  and  silence, 
and  funeral  rite,  and  stately  procession, 
and  prayers,  and  tears,  could  give.  On  the 
twenty-sixth  day  of  September,  the  day  of 
the  funeral,  a  common  feeling  stirred  man 
kind  as  never  before  in  history.  That 
mysterious  law,  by  which,  in  a  great  audi- 


1 6        v  Tk£  Life  and  Character  of 

ence,  every  emotion  is  multiplied  in  each 
heart  by  sympathy  with  every  other,  laid 
its  spell  on  universal  humanity.  At  the 
touch  which  makes  the  whole  world  kin, 
all  barriers  of  rank,  or  party,  or  state,  or 
nation,  disappeared.  His  own  Ohio,  the 
State  of  his  birth  and  of  his  burial,  New 
England,  from  whose  loins  came  the  sturdy 
race  from  which  he  descended,  whose  col 
lege  gave  him  his  education,  can  claim  no 
preeminence  in  sorrow. 

From  farthest  south  comes  the  voice  of 
mourning  for  the  soldier  of  the  Union. 
Over  fisherman's  hut  and  frontiersman's 
cabin  is  spread  a  gloom  because  the  White 
House  is  desolate.  The  son  of  the  poor 
widow  is  dead,  and  palace  and  castle  are 
in  tears.  As  the  humble  Campbellite  dis 
ciple  is  borne  to  his  long  home,  the  music 
of  the  requiem  fills  cathedral  arches  and 
the  domes  of  ancient  synagogues.  On  the 
coffin  of  the  canal  boy  a  queen  lays  her 
wreath.  As  the  bier  is  lifted,  word  comes 


James  Abram  Garfield.  n 

beneath  the  sea  that  the  nations  of  the 
earth  are  rising  and  bowing  their  heads. 
From  many  climes,  in  many  languages, 
they  join  in  the  solemn  service.  This  is 
no  blind  and  sudden  emotion,  gathering 
and  breaking  like  a  wave.  It  is  the  mourn 
ing  of  mankind  for  a  great  character,  al 
ready  perfectly  known  and  familiar.  If 
there  be  any  persons  who  fear  that  re 
ligious  faith  is  dying,  that  science  has 
shaken  the  hold  of  the  moral  law  upon  the 
minds  of  men,  let  them  take  comfort  in 
asking  themselves  if  any  base  or  ignoble 
passion  could  have  so  moved  mankind. 
Modern  science  has  called  into  life  these 
mighty  servants,  Press  and  Telegraph,  who 
have  created  a  nerve  which  joins  together 
all  human  hearts  and  pulses  simultaneous 
ly  over  the  globe.  To  what  conqueror,  to 
what  tyrant,  to  what  selfish  ambition,  to 
what  mere  intellectual  greatness  would  it 
not  have  refused  response  ?  The  power  in 
the  universe  that  makes  for  evil,  and  the 


12          The  Life  and  Character  of 

power  in  the  universe  that  makes  for 
righteousness,  measure  their  forces.  A 
poor,  weak  fiend  shoots  off  his  little  bolt, 
a  single  human  life  is  stricken  down,  and 
a  throb  of  divine  love  thrills  a  planet. 

Every  American  State  has  its  own  story 
of  the  brave  and  adventurous  spirits  who 
were  its  early  settlers  ;  the  men  who  build 
commonwealths,  the  men  of  whom  com 
monwealths  are  builded.  The  history  of 
the  settlement  of  Massachusetts,  of  Cen 
tral  New  York,  and  of  Ohio,  is  the  history 
of  the  Garfield  race.  They  were,  to  bor 
row  a  felicitous  phrase,  "  hungry  for  the 
horizon."1  They  were  natural  frontiers 
men.  Of  the  seven  generations  born  in 
America,  including  the  President,  not  one 
was  born  in  other  than  a  frontiersman's 
dwelling.  Two  of  them,  father  and  son, 
came  over  with  Winthrop  in  1630.  Each 
of  the  six  generations  who  dwelt  in  Massa 
chusetts  has  left  an  honorable  record,  still 
1  Senator  Ingalls. 


James  Abram  Garfield.  13 

preserved.  Five  in  succession  bore  an 
honorable  military  title.  Some  were  fight 
ers  in  the  Indian  wars.  "  It  is  not  in  In 
dian  wars,"  Fisher  Ames  well  says,  "  that 
heroes  are  celebrated,  but  it  is  there  they 
are  formed."  At  the  breaking  out  of  the 
Revolution  the  male  representatives  of  the 
family  were  two  young  brothers.  One, 
whose  name  descended  to  the  President, 
was  in  arms  at  Concord  Bridge,  at  sunrise, 
on  the  iQth  of  April.  The  other,  the  Pres 
ident's  great-grandfather,  dwelling  thirty 
miles  off,  was  on  his  way  to  the  scene  of 
action  before  noon.  When  the  Constitu 
tion,  rejected  by  Massachusetts  in  1778, 
was  proposed,  the  same  ancestor,  with  his 
fellow-citizens  of  the  little  town  of  West 
minster,  voted  unanimously  for  the  rejec 
tion,  and  put  on  record  their  reasons.  "  It 
is  our  opinion  that  no  constitution  what 
ever  ought  to  be  established  till  previously 
thereto  a  bill  of  rights  be  set  forth,  and 
the  constitution  be  framed  therefrom,  so 


14  The  Life  and  Character  of 

that  the  lowest  capacity  may  be  able  to 
determine  his  natural  rights,  and  judge 
of  the  equitableness  of  the  Constitution 
thereby." 

"  And  as  to  the  Constitution  itself,  the 
following  appears  to  us  exceptionable,  viz., 
the  fifth  article "  (excepting  negroes,  mu- 
lattoes  and  Indians  from  the  right  to  vote), 
"  which  deprives  a  portion  of  the  human 
race  of  their  natural  rights  on  account  of 
their  color,  which,  in  our  opinion,  no  power 
on  earth  has  a  just  right  to  do.  It  there 
fore  ought  to  be  expunged  the  constitu 
tion." 

No  religious  intolerance  descended  in 
the  Garfield  race.  But  the  creed  of  this 
Westminster  catechism  they  seem  never 
to  have  forgotten. 

When  the  war  was  over,  the  same  ances 
tor  took  his  young  family  and  penetrated 
the  forest  again.  He  established  his  home 
in  Otsego  County,  in  Central  New  York, 
at  the  period  and  amid  the  scenes  made 


James  Abram  Garfield.  15 

familiar  by  Cooper,  in  his  delightful  tale, 
"  The  Pioneers."  Again  the  generations 
move  westward,  in  the  march  of  civiliza 
tion  keeping  ever  in  the  van,  until  in  1831 
James  Garfield  was  born,  in  an  humble 
Ohio  cabin,  where  he  was  left  fatherless 
in  his  infancy.  In  a  new  settlement  the 
wealth  of  the  family  is  in  the  right  arm  of 
the  father.  To  say  that  the  father,  who 
had  himself  been  left  an  orphan  when  he 
was  an  infant,  left  his  son  fatherless  in 
infancy,  is  to  say  that  the  family  was  re 
duced  to  extremest  poverty. 

I  have  not  given  this  narrative  as  the 
story  of  a  mean  or  ignoble  lineage.  Such 
men,  whether  of  Puritan,  or  Huguenot,  or 
Cavalier  stock,  have  ever  been  the  strength 
and  the  security  of  American  States.  From 
such  homes  came  Webster,  and  Clay,  and 
Lincoln,  and  Jackson.  It  is  no  race  of 
boors  that  has  struck  its  axes  into  the  for 
ests  of  this  continent.  These  men  knew 
how  to  build  themselves  log-houses  in  the 


1 6          The  Life  and  Character  of 

wilderness.  They  were  more  skillful  still 
to  build  constitutions  and  statutes.  Slow, 
cautious,  conservative,  sluggish,  unready, 
in  ordinary  life,  their  brains  move  quick 
and  sure  as  their  rifles'  flash  when  great 
controversies  that  determine  the  fate  of 
States  are  to  be  decided,  when  great  in 
terests  that  brook  no  delay  are  at  stake, 
and  great  battles  that  admit  no  indecision 
are  to  be  fought.  The  trained  and  disci 
plined  soldiers  of  England  could  not  antici 
pate  these  alert  farmers.  On  the  morning 
of  the  Revolution  they  were  up  before  the 
sun.  When  Washington  was  to  be  de 
fended,  in  1 86 1,  the  scholar,  or  the  lawyer, 
or  the  man  of  the  city,  dropped  his  book, 
left  his  court-house  or  his  counting-room, 
and  found  his  company  of  yeomen  waiting 
for  him.  They  are  ever  greatest  in  adver 
sity.  I  would  not  undervalue  the  material 
of  which  other  republics  have  been  built. 
The  polished  marbles  of  Greece  and  Italy 
have  their  own  grace.  But  art  or  nature 


James  Abram  Garfield.  17 

contain  no  more  exquisite  beauty  than  the 
color  which  this  split  and  unhewn  gran 
ite  takes  from  the  tempest  it  withstands. 
There  was  never  a  race  of  men  on  earth 
more  capable  of  seeing  clearly,  of  grasp 
ing,  and  of  holding  fast,  the  great  truths 
and  great  principles  which  are  permanent, 
sure,  and  safe  for  the  government  of  the 
conduct  of  life,  alike  in  private  and  pub 
lic  concerns.  If  there  be,  or  ever  shall 
be,  in  this  country,  a  demos,  fickle,  light- 
minded,  easily  moved,  blind,  prejudiced, 
incapable  of  permanent  adherence  to  what 
is  great  or  what  is  true,  whether  it  come 
from  the  effeminacy  of  wealth,  or  the  skep 
ticism  of  a  sickly  and  selfish  culture,  or 
the  poverty  and  ignorance  of  great  cities, 
it  will  find  itself  powerless  in  this  iron 
grasp. 

Blending  with  the  Saxon  stock,  young 
Garfield  inherited  on  the  mother's  side  the 
qualities  of  the  Huguenots,  those  gentler 
but  not  less  brave  or  less  constant  Puritans, 


1 8  The  Life  and  Character  of 

who,  for  conscience  sake,  left  their  beloved 
and  beautiful  France,  whose  memory  will 
be  kept  green  so  long  as  Maine  cherishes 
Bowdoin  College,  or  Massachusetts  Faneuil 
Hall,  or  New  York  the  antique  virtue  of 
John  Jay,  or  South  Carolina  her  revolu 
tionary  history  —  who  gave  a  lustre  and 
a  beauty  to  every  place  and  thing  they 
touched. 

The  child  of  such  a  race,  left  fatherless 
in  the  wilderness,  yet  destined  to  such  a 
glory,  was  committed  by  Providence  to 
three  great  teachers,  without  either  of 
whom  he  would  not  have  become  fitted  for 
his  distinguished  career.  These  teachers 
were  a  wise  Christian  mother,  poverty,  and 
the  venerable  college  president,  who  lived 
to  watch  his  pupil  through  the  whole  of 
his  varied  life,  to  witness  his  inauguration 
amid  such  high  hopes,  and  to  lament  his 
death. 

To  no  nobler  matron  did  ever  Roman 
hero  trace  his  origin.  Few  of  the  tradi- 


James  Abram  Garfield.  19 

tions  of  his  Puritan  ancestry  could  have 
come  down  to  the  young  orphan.  It  is 
said  there  were  two  things  with  which  his 
mother  was  specially  familiar,  —  the  Bible, 
and  the  rude  ballads  of  the  War  of  1812. 
The  child  learned  the  Bible  at  his  mother's 
knee,  and  the  love  of  country  from  his 
cradle-hymns. 

I  cannot,  within  the  limits  assigned  to 
me,  recount  every  circumstance  of  special 
preparation  which  fitted  the  young  giant 
for  the  great  and  various  parts  he  was  to 
play  in  the  drama  of  our  republican  life. 
It  would  be  but  to  repeat  a  story  whose 
pathos  and  romance  are  all  known  by  heart 
to  his  countrymen  :  the  childhood  in  the 
cabin  ;  the  struggle  with  want,  almost  with 
famine  ;  the  brother  proudly  bringing  his 
first  dollar  to  buy  shoes  for  the  little  bare 
feet ;  the  labor  in  the  forest ;  the  growth 
of  the  strong  frame  and  the  massive  brain ; 
the  reading  of  the  first  novel ;  the  boy's 
longing  for  the  sea;  the  canal  boat;  the 


20          The  Life  and  Character  of 

carpenter's  shop ;  the  first  school ;  the  ea 
ger  thirst  for  knowledge  ;  the  learning  that 
an  obstacle  means  only  a  thing  to  be  over 
come  ;  the  founding  of  the  college  at  Hi 
ram  ;  the  companionship  in  study  of  the 
gifted  lady  whose  eulogy  he  pronounced : 
the  Campbellite  preaching ;  the  ever  wise 
guidance  of  the  mother;  the  marriage  to 
the  bright  and  beautiful  schoolmate  ;  —  we 
know  them  better  even  than  we  know  the 
youth  of  Washington  and  of  Webster. 

General  Garfield  said  in  1878  that  he  had 
not  long  ago  conversed  with  an  English 
gentleman,  who  told  him  that  in  twenty- 
five  years  of  careful  study  of  the  agricult 
ural  class  in  England,  he  had  never  known 
one  who  was  born  and  reared  in  the  ranks 
of  farm  laborers  that  rose  above  his  class 
and  became  a  well-to-do  citizen.  The  story 
of  a  childhood  passed  in  poverty,  of  intel 
lect  and  moral  nature  trained  in  strenuous 
contests  with  adversity,  is  not  unfamiliar 
to  those  who  have  read  the  lives  of  the 


James  Abram  Garfield.  21 

men  who  have  been  successful  in  this  coun 
try  in  any  of  the  walks  of  life.  It  is  one 
of  the  most  beneficent  results  of  American 
institutions  that  we  have  ceased  to  speak 
of  poverty  and  hardship,  and  the  necessity 
for  hard  and  humble  toil,  as  disadvantages 
to  a  spirit  endowed  by  nature  with  the  ca 
pacity  for  generous  ambitions.  In  a  soci 
ety  where  labor  is  honorable,  and  where 
every  place  in  social  or  public  life  is  open 
to  merit,  early  poverty  is  no  more  a  disad 
vantage  than  a  gymnasium  to  an  athlete, 
or  drill  and  discipline  to  a  soldier. 

General  Garfield  was  never  ashamed  of 
his  origin.  He 

" did  not  change,  but  kept  in  lofty  place 

The  wisdom  which  adversity  had  bred." 

The  humblest  friend  of  his  boyhood  was 
ever  welcome  to  him  when  he  sat  in  the 
highest  seats,  where  Honor  was  sitting  by 
his  side.  The  poorest  laborer  was  ever 
sure  of  the  sympathy  of  one  who  had 
known  all  the  bitterness  of  want  and  the 


22  The  Life  and  Character  of 

sweetness  of  bread  earned  by  the  sweat  of 
the  brow.  He  was  ever  the  simple,  plain, 
modest  gentleman.  When  he  met  a  com 
mon  soldier  it  was  not  the  general  or  the 
military  hero  that  met  him,  but  the  com 
rade.  When  he  met  a  scholar  it  was  not 
the  learned  man,  or  the  college  president, 
but  the  learner. 

It  was  fitting  that  he  who  found  open 
the  road  through  every  gradation  of  public 
honor,  from  the  log-cabin  to  the  Presidency, 
simply  at  the  price  of  deserving  it,  should 
have  answered  in  the  same  speech  the  soph 
istries  of  communism  and  the  sinister  fore 
bodings  of  Lord  Macaulay.  "  Here,"  he 
said,  "  society  is  not  fixed  in  horizontal  lay 
ers,  like  the  crust  of  the  earth,  but,  as  a 
great  New  England  man  said,  years  ago,  it 
is  rather  like  the  ocean,  broad,  deep,  grand, 
open,  and  so  free  in  all  its  parts  that  every 
drop  that  mingles  with  the  yellow  sand  at 
the  bottom  may  rise  through  all  the  waters, 
till  it  gleams  in  the  sunshine  on  the  crest 


James  Abram  Garfield.  23 

of  the  highest  wave.  So  it  is  here  in  our 
free  society,  permeated  with  the  light  of 
American  freedom.  There  is  no  Ameri 
can  boy,  however  poor,  however  humble, 
orphan  though  he  may  be,  that,  if  he  have 
a  clear  head,  a  true  heart,  a  strong  arm,  he 
may  not  rise  through  all  the  grades  of  soci 
ety,  and  become  the  crown,  the  glory,  the 
pillar  of  the  State.  Here  there  is  no  need 
for  the  old  world  war  between  capital  and 
labor.  Here  is  no  need  of  the  explosion 
of  social  order  predicted  by  Macaulay." 

When  seeking  a  place  of  education  in 
the  East,  young  Garfield  wrote  to  several 
New  England  colleges.  The  youth's  heart 
was  touched  and  his  choice  decided  by 
the  tone  of  welcome  in  the  reply  of  Dr. 
Hopkins,  the  president  of  Williams.  It 
was  fortunate  that  his  vigorous  youth 
found  itself  under  the  influence  of  a  very 
great  but  very  simple  and  sincere  charac 
ter.  The  secret  of  Dr.  Hopkins'  power 
over  his  pupils  lay,  first,  in  his  own  exam- 


24          The  Life  and  Character  of 

pie,  profound  scholarship,  great  practical 
wisdom,  perfect  openness  and  sincerity, 
strong  religious  faith,  and  humility  ;  second, 
in  a  careful  study  of  the  disposition  of  each 
individual  youth  ;  third,  justice,  absolute, 
yet  accompanied  by  sympathy  and  respect, 
seldom  seventy,  never  scorn,  in  dealing 
with  the  errors  of  boyhood.  No  harsh  and 
inflexible  law,  cold  and  pitiless  as  a  win 
ter's  sea,  dealt  alike  with  the  sluggish  and 
the  generous  nature.  No  storm  of  mer 
ciless  ridicule  greeted  the  shy,  awkward, 
ungainly  backwoodsman.  And,  beyond 
all,  Dr.  Hopkins  taught  his  pupils  that  les 
son  in  which  some  of  our  colleges  so  sadly 
fail  —  reverence  for  the  republican  life  of 
which  they  were  to  form  a  part,  and  for 
the  great  history  of  whose  glory  they  were 
inheritors. 

It  was  my  fortune,  on  an  evening  last 
spring,  to  see  the  illustrious  pupil,  I  sup 
pose  for  the  last  time  on  earth,  take  leave 
of  the  aged  teacher  whose  head  the  frosts 


James  Abram  Garfield.  25 

of  nearly  four-score  winters  had  touched 
so  lightly,  and  to  hear  him  say  at  parting, 
"  I  have  felt  your  presence  at  the  begin 
ning  of  my  administration  like  a  benedic 
tion." 

The  President  delighted  in  his  college. 
He  kept  unbroken  the  friendships  he 
formed  within  her  walls.  He  declared  that 
the  place  and  its  associations  were  to  him 
a  fountain  of  perpetual  youth.  He  never 
forgot  his  debt  to  her.  When  he  was 
stricken  down  he  was  on  his  way,  all  a 
boy  again,  to  lay  his  untarnished  laurels 
at  her  feet. 

It  would  have  been  hard  to  find  in  this 
country  a  man  so  well  equipped  by  nature, 
by  experience  and  by  training,  as  was  Gar- 
field  when  he  entered  the  Ohio  Senate  in 
1860,  at  the  age  of  twenty-eight.  He  was 
in  his  own  person  the  representative  of 
the  plainest  life  of  the  backwoods  and  the 
best  culture  of  the  oldest  eastern  commu 
nity.  He  had  been  used  in  his  youth  to 


26  The  Life  and  Character  of 

various  forms  of  manual  labor.  The  years 
which  he  devoted  to  his  profession  of 
teacher  and  of  college  president,  were 
years  of  great  industry,  in  which  he  dis 
ciplined  his  powers  of  public  speaking 
and  original  investigation.  Dr.  Hopkins 
said  of  him :  "  There  was  a  large  general 
capacity  applicable  to  any  subject,  and 
sound  sense.  What  he  did  was  done  with 
facility,  but  by  honest  and  avowed  work. 
There  was  no  pretense  of  genius,  or  alter 
nation  of  spasmodic  effort  and  of  rest,  but 
a  satisfactory  accomplishment  in  all  direc 
tions  of  what  was  undertaken."  His  sound 
brain  and  athletic  frame  could  bear  great 
labor  without  fatigue.  He  had  a  thoroughly 
healthy  and  robust  intellect,  capable  of 
being  directed  upon  any  of  the  pursuits 
of  life,  or  any  of  the  affairs  of  state  in  any 
department  of  the  public  service.  We 
have  no  other  example  in  our  public  life 
of  such  marvelous  completeness  of  intel 
lectual  development.  He  exhibited  enough 


James  Abram  Garfield.  27 

of  his  varied  mental  capacity  to  make  it 
sure  that  he  could  have  attained  greatness 
as  a  metaphysician,  or  a  mathematician,  in 
any  of  the  exact  sciences,  as  a  linguist,  as 
an  executive  officer,  as  he  did  in  fact  at 
tain  it  as  a  military  commander,  as  an  ora 
tor,  as  a  debater,  and  a  parliamentary  and 
popular  leader. 

The  gigantic  scale  on  which  the  opera 
tions  of  our  late  war  were  conducted  has 
dwarfed  somewhat  the  achievements  of  in 
dividual  actors.  If  in  the  history  of  either 
of  the  other  wars  in  which  our  people  have 
engaged,  whether  before  or  after  the  Dec 
laration  of  Independence,  such  a  chapter 
should  be  found  as  the  narrative  of  Gar- 
field's  Kentucky  campaign,  it  would  alone 
have  made  the  name  of  its  leader  immor 
tal.  It  is  said  that  General  Rosecrans  re 
ceived  the  young  schoolmaster  with  some 
prejudice.  "When  he  came  to  my  head 
quarters,"  he  says,  "  I  must  confess  that  I 
had  a  prejudice  against  him,  as  I  under- 


28  The  Life  and  Character  of 

stood  he  was  a  preacher  who  had  gone  into 
politics,  and  a  man  of  that  cast  I  was  nat 
urally  opposed  to."  In  his  official  report 
Rosecrans  says  :  — 

"  I  especially  mention  Brigadier-General 
Garfield,  ever  active,  prudent,  and  saga 
cious.  I  feel  much  indebted  to  him  for 
both  counsel  and  assistance  in  the  admin 
istration  of  this  army.  He  possesses  the 
energy  and  the  instinct  of  a  great  com 
mander." 

We  must  leave  to  soldiers  and  to  mili 
tary  historians  to  assign  their  relative  his 
toric  importance  to  the  movements  of  the 
war.  But  we  may  safely  trust  the  popular 
judgment  which  pronounces  Garfield's  ride 
at  Chickamauga  one  of  its  most  conspicu 
ous  instances  of  personal  heroism,  and  the 
Kentucky  campaign  a  most  brilliant  exam 
ple  of  fertility  of  resource,  combined  au 
dacity  and  prudence,  sound  military  judg 
ment,  and  success  against  great  odds.  We 
may  safely  trust,  too,  the  judgment  of  the 


James  Abram  Garfield.  29 

accomplished  historian,1  who  pronounces 
his  report  in  favor  of  the  advance  that 
ended  with  the  battle  of  Chickamauga, 
"the  ablest  military  document  submitted 
by  a  chief  of  staff  to  his  superior  during 
the  war."  We  may  accept,  also,  the  award 
of  Lincoln,  who  made  him  major-general 
for  his  brilliant  service  at  Chickamauga, 
and  the  confidence  of  Thomas,  who  offered 
him  the  command  of  an  army  corps. 

Great  as  was  his  capacity  for  military 
service,  the  judgment  of  Abraham  Lincoln 
did  not  err  when  it  summoned  him  to  the 
field  of  labor  where  his  greatest  laurels 
were  won.  It  is  the  fashion,  in  some 
quarters,  to  lament  the  decay  of  states 
manship,  and  to  make  comparisons,  by  no 
means  complimentary,  between  persons 
now  intrusted  with  the  conduct  of  public 
affairs  and  their  predecessors.  We  may 
at  least  find  consolation  in  the  knowledge 
that  when  any  of  our  companions  die  they 

i  Mr.  Whitelaw  Reid. 


30  The  Life  and  Character  of 

do  not  fail  to  receive  full  justice  from  the 
hearts  of  the  people. 

Suppose  any  of  the  statesmen  who  pre 
ceded  the  war,  or  some  intelligent  and  not 
unfriendly  foreign  observer  —  some  De 
Tocqueville  or  Macaulay — to  look  forward 
with  Garfield  to  the  duties  which  con 
fronted  him  when  he  entered  Congress  in 
1863.  With  what  despair,  in  the  light  of 
all  past  experience,  would  he  have  contem 
plated  the  future.  How  insignificant  the 
difficulties  which  beset  the  men  of  the  pre 
ceding  seventy  years  compared  with  those 
which  have  crowded  the  seventeen  which 
were  to  follow.  How  marvelous  the  suc 
cess  the  American  people  have  achieved 
in  dealing  with  these  difficulties  compared 
with  that  which  attended  the  statesman 
ship  of  the  times  of  Webster  and  Clay  and 
Calhoun,  giants  as  they  were.  The  great 
ness  of  these  men  is  not  likely  to  be  under 
valued  anywhere  ;  least  of  all  in  Massachu 
setts.  They  contributed  each  in  his  own 


James  Abram  Garfield.  31 

way  those  masterly  discussions  of  the  great 
principles  by  which  the  Constitution  must 
be  interpreted,  and  the  economic  laws  on 
which  material  prosperity  depends,  which 
will  abide  as  perpetual  forces  so  long  as 
the  Republic  shall  endure.  Mr.  Webster, 
especially,  aided  in  establishing  in  the  juris 
prudence  of  the  country  the  great  judg 
ments,  which,  on  the  one  hand,  asserted 
for  the  national  government  its  most  nec 
essary  and  beneficent  powers,  and,  on  the 
other  hand,  have  protected  property  and 
liberty  from  invasion.  He  uttered  in  the 
Senate  the  immortal  argument  which  con 
vinced  the  American  people  of  the  unity 
of  the  Republic  and  the  supremacy  and 
indestructibility  of  the  national  authority. 
It  has  been  well  said  that  the  cannon  oi 
the  nation  were  shotted  with  the  reply  to 
Hayne.  But  the  only  important  and  per 
manent  measure  with  which  the  name  of 
Webster  is  connected  is  the  Ashburton 
Treaty  —  an  achievement  of  diplomacy  of 


32          The  Life  and  Character  of 

little  consequence  in  comparison  with  those 
which  obtained  from  the  great  powers  of 
Europe  the  relinquishment  of  the  doctrine 
of  perpetual  allegiance,  or  with  the  Ala 
bama  Treaty  of  1871.  Mr.  Clay's  life  was 
identified  with  two  great  policies  —  the 
protection  of  American  industry,  and  the 
compromise  between  slavery  and  freedom 
in  their  strife  for  control  of  the  territories. 
When  he  died,  the  free  trade  tariff  of  1844 
was  the  law  of  the  land,  and  within  two 
years  the  Missouri  Compromise  was  re 
pealed.  Mr.  Calhoun  has  left  behind  him 
the  memory  of  a  stainless  life,  great  in 
tellectual  power,  and  a  lost  cause. 

To  each  generation  is  committed  its 
peculiar  task.  To  these  men  it  was  given 
to  wake  the  infant  Republic  to  a  sense  of 
its  own  great  destiny,  and  to  teach  it  the 
laws  of  its  being,  by  which  it  must  live  or 
bear  no  life.  To  the  men  of  our  time  the 
abstract  theories,  which  were  only  debated 
in  other  days,  have  come  as  practical  reali- 


James  Abram  Garfield.  33 

ties,  demanding  prompt  and  final  decision 
on  questions  where  error  is  fatal. 

From  the  time  of  Jay's  Treaty  no  such 
problem  has  presented  itself  to  American 
diplomacy  as  that  which  the  war  left  as  its 
legacy.  The  strongest  power  on  earth,  ac 
customed,  in  dealing  with  other  nations, 
to  take  counsel  only  of  her  pride  and  her 
strength,  had  inflicted  on  us  vast  injury,  of 
which  the  honor  of  this  country  seemed 
pledged  to  insist  on  reparation,  which  Eng 
land  conceived  hers  equally  pledged  to 
deny.  But  in  domestic  affairs,  the  difficul 
ties  were  even  greater.  For  six  of  the  six 
teen  years  that  followed  the  death  of  Lin 
coln,  the  President  was  not  in  political  ac 
cord  with  either  House  of  Congress.  For 
four  others  the  House  was  of  different  poli 
tics  from  President  and  Senate.  During 
the  whole  time  the  dominant  party  had  to 
encounter  a  zealous  and  able  opposition, 
and  to  submit  its  measures  to  a  people  hav 
ing  apparently  the  strongest  inducements 
3 


34          The  Life  and  Character  of 

to  go  wrong.  The  rights  of  capital  were 
to  be  determined  by  the  votes  of  labor  ; 
debtors  to  fix  the  value  of  their  payments 
to  their  creditors  ;  a  people  under  no  con 
straint  but  their  own  sense  of  duty  to  de 
termine  whether  they  would  continue  to 
bear  the  weight  of  a  vast  debt ;  the  policy 
of  dealing  with  the  conquered  to  be  de 
cided  at  the  close  of  a  long  war  by  the 
votes  of  the  conquerors,  among  whom  every 
other  family  was  in  mourning  for  its  dead ; 
finance  and  currency  with  their  subtleties, 
surpassing  the  subtleties  of  metaphysics, 
to  be  made  clear  to  the  apprehension  of 
plain  men ;  business  to  be  recalled  from 
the  dizzy  and  dangerous  heights  of  spec 
ulation  to  moderate  gains  and  safe  laws  ; 
great  public  ways  connecting  distant  oceans 
to  be  built ;  commerce  to  be  diverted  into 
unaccustomed  channels ;  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi  to  be  opened  ;  a  great  banking 
system  to  be  devised  and  put  in  operation 
such  as  was  never  known  before,  alike  com- 


James  Abram  Garfield.  35 

prehensive  and  safe,  through  whose  veins 
and  arteries  credit,  the  life-blood  of  trade, 
should  ebb  and  flow  in  the  remotest  ex 
tremities  of  the  land ;  four  millions  of  peo 
ple  to  be  raised  from  slavery  to  citizenship  ; 
millions  more  to  be  welcomed  from  foreign 
lands  ;  a  disputed  presidential  succession 
to  be  settled,  after  an  election  contest  in 
which  the  country  seemed  turned  into  two 
hostile  camps,  by  a  tribunal  for  which  the 
founders  of  the  government  had  made  no 
provision ;  —  all  this  to  be  accomplished 
under  the  restraints  of  a  written  consti 
tution. 

When  this  list  has  been  enumerated,  the 
eulogy  of  Garfield,  the  statesman,  has  been 
spoken.  There  is  scarcely  one  of  these 
questions,  certainly  not  more  than  one  or 
two,  which  he  did  not  anticipate,  carefully 
and  thoroughly  study  for  himself  before  it 
arose,  and  to  which  he  did  not  contribute 
an  original  argument,  unsurpassed  in  per 
suasive  force.  Undoubtedly  there  were 


36          The  Life  and  Character  of 

others  who  had  more  to  do  with  marshal 
ing  the  political  forces  of  the  House.  But 
almost  from  the  time  he  entered  it,  he 
was  the  leader  of  its  best  thought.  He 
was  ever  serious,  grave,  addressing  him 
self  only  to  the  reason  and  conscience  of 
his  auditors. 

He  lived  in  a  State  whose  people  were 
evenly  divided  in  politics,  and  on  whose 
decision,  as  it  swayed  alternately  from  side 
to  side,  the  fate  of  the  country  often  seemed 
to  depend.  You  will  search  his  speeches 
in  vain  for  an  appeal  to  a  base  motive  or 
an  evil  passion.  Many  men  who  are  called 
great  political  leaders,  are  really  nothing 
but  great  political  followers.  They  study 
the  currents  of  a  public  sentiment  which 
other  men  form.  They  use  as  instruments 
opinions  which  they  never  espoused  till 
they  became  popular.  General  Garfield 
always  consulted  with  great  care  the  tem 
per  of  the  House  in  the  conduct  of  meas 
ures  which  were  under  his  charge.  But 


James  Abram  Garfield.  37 

he  was  remarkably  independent  in  forming 
his  judgments,  and  inflexible  in  adhering 
to  them  on  all  great  essential  questions. 
His  great  friend  and  commander,  General 
Thomas,  whose  stubborn  courage  saved 
the  day  in  the  great  battle  for  the  posses 
sion  of  Tennessee,  was  well  called  "the 
rock  of  Chickamauga."  In  the  greater 
battle  in  1876,  for  the  nation's  honor,  Gar- 
field  well  deserved  to  be  called  the  "  rock 
of  Ohio."  Everything  he  did  and  said 
manifested  the  serious,  reverent  love  of 
excellence.  He  had  occasion  often  to  seek 
to  win  to  his  opinion  masses  of  men  com 
posed  largely  of  illiterate  persons.  No 
man  ever  heard  from  his  lips  a  sneer  at 
scholarship.  At  the  same  time,  he  never 
made  the  scholar's  mistake  of  undervaluing 
the  greatness  of  the  history  of  his  own 
country,  or  the  quality  of  his  own  people. 

The  limits  of  this  discourse  do  not  per 
mit  me  to  enter  into  the  detail  of  the  va 
riety  and  extent  of  his  service  in  debate, 


38          The  Life  and  Character  of 

in  legislation,  and  in  discussions  before  the 
people.  I  could  detain  you  until  midnight 
were  I  to  recount  from  my  own  memory 
the  great  labors  of  the  twelve  years  that  it 
was  my  privilege  to  share  with  him  in  the 
public  service,  for  four  of  which  I  sat  al 
most  by  his  side.  Everybody  who  had  a 
new  thought  brought  it  to  him  for  hospi 
table  welcome.  Did  Science  or  Scholar 
ship  need  anything  of  the  government, 
Garfield  was  the  man  to  whom  they  came. 
While  charged  with  the  duty  of  supervis 
ing  the  details  of  present  legislation,  he 
was  always  foreseeing  and  preparing  for 
the  future.  In  the  closing  years  of  the 
war,  while  Chairman  of  the  Committee  of 
Military  Affairs,  he  was  studying  finance. 
Later  he  had  prepared  himself  to  deal  with 
the  defects  in  the  civil  service.  I  do  not 
think  the  legislation  of  the  next  twenty 
years  will  more  than  reach  the  ground 
which  he  had  already  occupied  in  his  ad 
vanced  thought. 


James  Abram  Garfield.  39 

General  Garfield  gave  evidence  of  vast 
powers  of  oratory  on  some  very  memorable 
occasions.  But  he  made  almost  no  use  of 
them  as  a  means  of  persuading  the  people 
to  conclusions  where  great  public  interests 
were  at  stake.  Sincerity,  directness,  full 
and  perfect  understanding  of  his  subject, 
clear  logic,  manly  dignity,  simple  and  apt 
illustration,  marked  all  his  discourse.  But 
on  a  few  great  occasions,  such  as  that  in 
New  York,  when  the  people  were  moved 
almost  to  frenzy  by  the  assassination  of 
Lincoln,  or  in  the  storm  which  moved  the 
great  human  ocean  at  the  Convention  at 
Chicago,  he  showed  that  he  could  touch 
with  a  master's  hand  the  chords  of  a 
mighty  instrument  — 

such  as  raised 

To  height  of  noblest  temper  heroes  old, 
Arming  to  battle  ;  and  instead  of  rage 
Deliberate  valor  breathed,  firm,  and  unmoved 
With  dread  of  death  to  flight  or  foul  retreat ; 
Nor  wanting  power  to  mitigate  and  suage 
With  solemn  touches  troubled  thoughts,  and  chase 


4O          The  Life  and  Character  of 

Anguish,  and  doubt,  and  fear,  and  sorrow,  and  pain, 
From  mortal  or  immortal  minds. 

When  General  Garfield  took  the  oath  of 
office  as  President,  he  seemed  to  those  who 
knew  him  best,  though  in  his  fiftieth  year, 
still  in  the  prime  of  a  splendid  and  vig 
orous  youth.  He  was  still  growing.  We 
hoped  for  him  eight  years  of  brilliant  ad 
ministration,  and  then,  in  some  form  or 
place  of  service,  an  old  age  like  that  of 
Adams,  whom,  in  variety  of  equipment, 
alone  of  our  Presidents  he  resembled. 
What  was  best  and  purest  and  loftiest  in 
the  aspiration  of  America  seemed  at  last 
to  have  laid  its  hand  on  the  helm.  Under 
its  beneficent  rule  we  hoped,  as  our  coun 
try  entered  on  its  new  career  of  peace  and 
prosperity,  a  nobler  liberty,  a  better  friend 
ship,  a  purer  justice,  a  more  lasting  broth 
erhood. 

But  he  was  called  to  a  sublimer  destiny. 
He  had  ascended  along  and  up  the  heights 
of  service,  of  success,  of  greatness,  of  glory ; 


James  Abram  Garfield.  41 

ever  raised  by  the  people  to  higher  ranks 
for  gallant  and  meritorious  conduct  on  each 
field,  until  by  their  suffrages  he  stood  fore 
most  among  men  of  the  foremost  among 
nations.  But  in  the  days  of  his  sickness 
and  death  he  became  the  perpetual  witness 
and  example  how  much  greater  than  the 
achievements  of  legislative  halls,  or  the 
deeds  of  the  field  of  battle,  are  the  house 
hold  virtues  and  simple  family  affections 
which  all  men  have  within  their  reach ; 
how  much  greater  than  the  lessons  of  the 
college,  or  the  camp,  or  the  congress,  are 
the  lessons  learned  at  mothers'  knees.  The 
honors  paid  to  Garfield  are  the  protest 
of  a  better  age  and  a  better  generation 
against  the  vulgar  heroisms  of  the  past. 
Go  through  their  mausoleums  and  under 
their  triumphal  arches  and  see  how  the 
names  inscribed  there  shrink  and  shrivel 
compared  with  that  of  this  Christian  sol 
dier,  whose  chiefest  virtues,  after  all,  are 
of  the  fireside,  and  the  family  circle,  and 


42  The  Life  and  Character  of 

of  the  dying  bed.  Here  the  hero  of 
America  becomes  the  hero  of  humanity. 
We  are  justified  in  saying  of  this  man 
that  he  has  been  tried  and  tested  in  every 
mode  by  which  the  quality  of  a  human 
heart  and  the  capacity  of  a  human  intellect 
can  be  disclosed :  by  adversity,  by  pros 
perity,  by  poverty,  by  wealth,  by  leader 
ship  in  deliberative  assemblies,  and  in  the 
perilous  edge  of  battle,  by  the  height  of 
power  and  of  fame.  The  assay  was  to  be 
completed  by  the  final  test  —  by  the  cer 
tain  and  visible  approach  of  death.  As  he 
comes  out  into  the  sunlight,  more  and 
more  clearly  does  his  country  behold  a 
greatness  and  symmetry  which  she  is  to 
see  in  their  true  and  full  proportions  only 
when  he  lies  in  the  repose  of  death. 

As  sometimes  in  a  dead  man's  face, 
To  those  that  watch  it  more  and  more, 
A  likeness,  hardly  seen  before, 

Comes  out,  to  some  one  of  his  race ; 

So,  dearest,  now  thy  brows  are  cold, 
I  see  thee  what  thou  art,  and  know 


James  Abram  Garfield.  43 

Thy  likeness  to  the  wise  below, 
Thy  kindred  with  the  great  of  old. 

Let  us  not  boast  at  the  funeral  of  our 
dead.  Such  a  temper  would  be  doubly 
odious  in  the  presence  of  such  expressions 
of  hearty  sympathy  from  governments  of 
every  form.  But  we  should  be  unfaith 
ful  to  ourselves  if  in  asking  for  this  man 
a  place  in  the  world's  gallery  of  illustri 
ous  names  we  did  not  declare  that  we 
offer  him  as  an  example  of  the  products  of 
Freedom.  With  steady  and  even  step  he 
walked  from  the  log-cabin  and  the  canal 
path  to  the  school,  to  the  college,  to  the 
battle-field,  to  the  halls  of  legislation,  to 
the  White  House,  to  the  chamber  of  death. 
The  ear  in  which  the  voices  of  his  coun 
trymen  hailing  him  at  the  pinnacle  of  hu 
man  glory  had  scarcely  died  out,  heard  the 
voice  of  the  dread  archangel,  and  his  coun 
tenance  did  not  change.  Is  not  that  coun 
try  worth  dying  for  whose  peasantry  are 
of  such  a  strain  ?  Is  not  the  Constitution 


44  Life  and  Character  of  J.  A.  Garfield* 

worth  standing  by  under  whose  forms 
Freedom  calls  such  men  to  her  high 
places  ?  Is  not  the  Union  worth  saving 
which  gives  all  of  us  the  property  of 
countrymen  in  such  a  fame  ? 


STANDARD  AND  POPULAR 


SELECTED  FROM  THE  CATALOGUE  OF 
HOUGHTON,  MIFFLIN  AND  CO. 


/^  ONSIDER  what  you  have  in  the  smallest  chosen 
library.  A  company  of  the  wisest  and  wittiest  men 
that  could  be  picked  out  of  all  civil  countries,  in  a  thou 
sand  years,  have  set  in  best  order  the  results  of  their 
learning  and  wisdom.  The  men  themselves  were  hid  and 
inaccessible,  solitary,  impatient  of  interruptions,  fenced  by 
etiquette;  but  the  thought  which  they  did  not  uncover  to 
their  bosom  friend  is  here  written  out  in  transparent 
words  to  us,  the  strangers  of  another  age.  —  Ralph 
Waldo  Emerson. 


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"FEB"  14 


IB  241 941  M 


APR  8t  1941  M 
I939 


I*  **  ^ 


FEBl9l941n   -MM  1?  1*1 


FEB  22  1941 


LD  21-100m-8,'34 


846465 

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H 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


